Philip Randolph in civil right movement Essay Example for Free

Philip Randolph in civil right movement Essay Asa Philip Randolph is well known for organizing labor power as well as for leading civil rights movement. 1889 born Randolph was an ardent spokesperson of non violent activism against the American racism which led the improvement of the position of blacks in 20th centaury. He firmly believed that the black progress could be achieved through black working class. He always raised the voice for social justice which paved the way to his political activism. From the college days, he began his mission. When he was in college, he started an employment agency with fellow student Chandler Owen, for those blacks who arrived in New York from South. After graduation, with the influence of W. E. B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk, Randolph joined the socialist party and started addressing the crowd about socialism and importance of militant class consciousness. In 1917 he published the first issue of the magazine â€Å"messenger’ which was later termed as one of the most brilliantly edited magazines in the history of American Negro journalism. In 1925, he formed an organization of Brotherhood of sleeping car porters in the wake of refusal of membership of blacks by American Federation Labor . The organization was consisting of those black porters worked for Pullman Company. The Pullman an employer of blacks denied the organization of the blacks in earlier period. There was a case of firing the employees who marched for wage increase and improve working conditions. Randolph as the president of Brotherhood of sleeping car porters laid down a unrelenting and dignified negotiation meetings with Pullman authorities which led the sanction of the first union of black, Brotherhood of sleeping car porters and subsequent wage increase of $2 miilion. Moreover Randolph could achieve a contract of railroad with this particular company in 1937. Randolph moved forward with the motto of complete equality and economic opportunity for blacks’ . He explained his activities as the idea of separatism is harkening to the past and it is undesirable even if it could be realized, because the progess of mankind has been based upon contact and association, upon social, intellectual and cultural contact. (Ebony magazine, 1970)(1) A year after the successful negation with Pullman co. Randolph initiated an action to end the employment discrimination against blacks in the federal government . He put pressure on the President Franklin D. Roosewelt in this matter. Moreover he analyzed the recruitment process of US military for World War II to put an end to racial discrimination. Since all the efforts regarding federal and military hiring turned in vain, he carried out the famous 1941 march to Washington with 50thousand blacks. Consequently Roosevelt issued an order banning discrimination in the defense ministry. Even though the committee established for improving the condition of the blacks, it could not meet the effective means of enacting it. The racial equality had continuously been violated. This pulled Randolph to move ahead with his civil right movement. He founded the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience against Military Segregation. He warned the Congressional committee that the black and white youth would be insisted to boycott the military if the condition of racial inequality mitigated. . The march on Washington went on. In 1942, at Detroit conference he called for the strategy and tactics of the people of India with mass civil disobedience and non-cooperation. In 1943, he insisted the delegates to adopt the policy of non-violent good-will direct action. He challenged President Harry Truman to take an effective action in this regard. Finally Truman issued another order to desegregate the military. In 1950’s and 1960’s also Randolph was actively participated in civil rights movement against the racial discrimination. Through march on Washington movement and the civil disobedience movement to end the segregation in military ,Randolph insisted the new generation of civil right activists that the violent protests are no longer a suitable way to attain the goal. It never mobilizes the public pressure. The movement recognized him by referring the chair of the March on Washington in which Martin Luther King Jr. rendered his famous I Have a Dream speech. In 1955, Randolph was elected as a vice president of the AFL-CIO. Asa Philip Randolph was a notable reformer. His vision and commitment is always inspiration for the young generation. Nobody can deny the fact that Randolph’s firm and peaceful strategic ideas are the major factor which ultimately led success of his mission.

The American Airline Industry Essay -- Business Management Studies Air

The American Airline Industry The Airline Industry is a highly competitive industry with companies operating in domestic and/or international markets. Many airlines are stilled owned by their respective countries and have treaties between countries to allow airlines to land there. The industry has been taking a relatively shaky course as costs are rising and profits have been decreasing. This was further intensified with the recent terrorist attacks on US soil, which lead to higher costs as the need for more security arose. Recent financial statements of major airlines showing major losses reflect the problems that the industry is having. Yet amidst the storm, some regional airlines such as Jet Blue Airlines have managed to focus on specific markets and maintained or increased their profits. It is no doubt that Porter’s 5 forces of competition are at play in this industry. These forces are the Threat of Substitutes, Threat of New Entrants, Competitive Rivalry, Bargaining Power of Buyers and Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Threat of Substitutes The airline industry has been plagued by rising costs resulting in poor profits. The recession adversely affected the industry during the first half of 2001. This was intensified by the September 11th attacks, when two airlines were crashed into the Twin Towers in New York City by terrorists killing everyone on board and demolishing the buildings. This lead to an immediate reduction in air travel as customers did not feel safe about flying and an increase in the use of other forms of transportation. Amtrak, a railway company, reported an increase in passenger volume in the days following the attacks. Though this has leveled off as things returned to normal, rail travel is a substitute for air travel that will be utilized by customers if they are looking for cheaper travel and if they are looking for a leisure trip that would not be too time consuming. Automobiles are also a form of travel that is a substitute for air travel. This is especially the case when a family is traveling as the costs are minimized and schedules coordinated on the travelers’ timetable. Threat of New Entrants Historically, entry into the market has been relatively easy for airline companies. When the economy was booming, people traveled more for leisure and companies used this opportunity to enter th... ...aken from Hoovers Online) Revenues (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001 US Airways 1903.0 2493.0 American 4494.0 4816.0 Southwest 1391.2 1335.1 Net Income (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001 US Airways (248.0) (24.0) American (924.0) (414.0) Southwest 74.9 151.0 Total Assets (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001 US Airways 7705.0 9564.0 American 31502.0 31840.0 Southwest 8954.3 7994.9 Total Debt (in Millions) Sept 2002 Sept 2001 US Airways 10808.0 10106.0 American 28991.0 25609.0 Southwest 4631.6 4045.3 EPS (in dollars) Sept 2002 Sept 2001 US Airways (3.64) (.36) American (5.93) (2.68) Southwest .09 .19 Revenue Passenger Miles Oct 2002 Oct 2001 US Airways 2,965,753 2,802,967 American 3,048,000 2,851,000 Southwest 3,258,017 2,590,610 Load Factor (%) Oct 2002 Oct 2001 US Airways 66.9 61.7 American 63.2 57.8 Southwest 56.8 53.4

Importance of Sex Education Essay

As younger generations mature into teens, they will be exposed to all sorts of materials in their daily lives. Sex education is of great importance when it comes to teenagers. This is because as individuals grow into teenagers, they observe changes to their bodies particularly in their sex organs and also their hormones. With the raging hormones present in their bodies and unnecessary exposure to materials from the TV and now the internet, teenagers will be curious and would definitely want to experiment on the new things that they discover. This is why sexual education is important. Most teens are immature and curious individuals who lack self-control. This explains the high number of teenage pregnancies. When it comes to teen pregnancy, most teenagers are not ready to have a child. In many cases, teenage girls who decide to raise the baby end up being single mothers as their partners are not committed enough to raise the child as both of them are too young and not equipped well enough to raise a child. Thanks to the introduction of sex education in the recent years, the numbers of teen pregnancies have been decreasing gradually. Another importance of sex education is to lower the rate of abortion. Pregnant teens are one of the main causes of abortion. This happens when teens get pregnant and they do not want to conceive their babies. There are many factors that contribute to this final decision to abort the pregnancy. Usually, the main factor that causes abortion in teen parents is the fact that they are not ready to make the big commitment to have a baby. Aside to that, another factor that contributes to abortion is teenagers getting raped. Furthermore, by educating teens on sex, rape cases can be prevented. There are certain male individuals that are aroused by how an individual of the opposite sex dresses. With the psychological aspects of sex education, teenagers can be taught to manage their sexual stimulation and control their raging hormones when they are faced with situations like this. In sex education, teens will be educated on how to suppress their hormones by doing physical activities like exercising. In females, this inhibits the production of sex steroid hormones like estrogen. As for males, testosterone levels are reduced. Hence, the urge to satisfy one’s sexual needs is greatly reduced. Besides that, sex education is also important to encourage and educate teens on the use of contraceptive methods to further prevent any unwanted pregnancies. For example, using a condom during sexual intercourse not only prevents unwanted pregnancy, it can also prevent sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. Another good contraceptive method that can be exposed to teens during sex education is the birth control pill. This pill, which has to be taken regularly, contains two female hormones which prevents ovulation.

Feudalism in England Under William the Conqeuror - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1632 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Feudalism Essay Did you like this example? After his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 William the Conqueror became the first Norman King of England. Immediately William set out to consolidate his power in England by taking vast swaths of land and redistributing it to Norman lords who would rule on his behalf. This was the beginning of the feudal system in England. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Feudalism in England Under William the Conqeuror" essay for you Create order Scholars are split on whether or not William actually created feudalism or just capitalized upon a system that was already in the making, but it is clear that the Normans utilized the feudal system in order to cement their power in England. The structure and control the feudal system offered allowed William to maintain control of England throughout his reign. To understand how the structure of feudalism affected the Norman rule of England, feudalism must first be defined. Feudalism describes both a social and governmental structure where a monarch delegates land and power to vassals who rule on his behalf in exchange for military assistance. While arrangement of feudal power varied from place to place there were four common elements seen throughout feudal government: the fief, the castle, the knight, and vassal commendation . The process through which a lord would become a vassal of the king was called commendation. Commendation was a ceremony that usually consisted of two parts, an act of homage and an oath of fealty . The act of paying homage involved the inferior coming before the king bareheaded and weaponless, as a sign of submission, and then clasping the hands of the king to signify his obedience to him. The king would then produce a bible or other holy relic, which the vassal would place his hands upon in order to swear his oath o f fealty. These oaths generally involved the vassal swearing to support the king and honor his act of homage by acting in the interest of the monarch. In return for this act, the king would grant the vassal a fief. A fief is a parcel of land given to a lord to rule on the king’s behalf. These lords would hold the land ‘in fee’ for the king so that the king could maintain control over larger areas of land without being directly involved in the day to day governance of each area. The monarch in these situations still maintained the rights to the land that the vassal has control over, making it easy for the king to ensure his vassal stayed in accordance with his wishes because the vassals land rights could be revoked at any time. Land was not the only object that could be held in fee, government roles and hunting rights were also commonly granted in exchange for fealty. A fief’s main purpose was to provide income for the lord so that he had the means to prov ide for his knights. Fiefs usually consisted of some amount of land, which varied widely, as well as a number of un-free peasants tied to the land that would work for the lord. The majority of the fiefdoms under the rule of William the Conqueror were taken from Anglo-Saxons and redistributed to Norman lords. The seat of power for most fiefs was a castle. Castles were integral to the control of England because they gave the Norman aristocracy defensible positions through which they could amass armies and be safe from any rebellious Anglo-Saxons. Placing castles in each of the new fiefdoms formed following the Norman conquest not only gave the Normans a physical advantage in term of defensive outposts but also a distinct psychological advantage that the imposing stone structures provided . These nigh-impenetrable fortresses were placed in strategic positions that made them incredibly difficult to overwhelm and easy to defend. While castles provided the defensive and strategic advantage over the English, knights were the true military backbone of the feudal system implanted by the Normans. Knights were mounted soldiers that abided by a code of honor known as chivalry. Vassals of the king would grant knights an estate or manor with a certain number of peasants attached to it in order to supp ort the costs associated with being a knight. The horse, armor, and weapons necessary to be a knight were astronomically expensive, and without a portion of land it would have been impossible to attain knighthood. It took anywhere from fifteen to thirty peasant families to generate enough money to sustain one knight . The Normans used knights as a powerful tool to quell insurrections and stabilize life in Medieval England. With the common elements of feudalism defined thusly it becomes easier to see how William the Conqueror and his Norman allies manipulated the political and societal structure in their favor. Immediately after the Battle of Hastings was completed William set about consolidating land previously held by Anglo-Saxon lords and redistributing it to those loyal to him among the Norman aristocracy. Most of the English lords fled the country to find refuge in Scotland, Scandinavia, or Constantinople. Before William came in to power the power structure of the lords in England was very horizontal. There were thousands of lords who shared power with less authority granted to the king than under William. In many instances land was granted to English lords in perpetuity before Norman rule, thereby removing the kings power to take back the land he had granted his vassal. This was not the case under Williams rule. William established a more pyramidal structure to his rule in England. The Normans had a tradition of having stronger bonds between their lords and king than did the English. Whereas the English king only controlled his vassals through land rights, the Normans generally had a system where the ruling Duke, or in this case king, relied on his ‘military familia’ which consisted of a group of lords that were tied to the king through family bonds . The soldiers fielded by the ‘military familia’ were professionals who fought on horseback. They were superior to the un-mounted thegns who comprised the majority of pre-Norman English forces as well as had deeper family ties to the monarch. William utilized these stronger bonds between ruler and ruled in order to maintain a tight grip on the fiefs of England. After the Norman Conquest all of the land held by over 4000 Anglo-Saxon lords was taken and given to around 200 Norman and French lords . By displacing the former lords who would most likely not be loyal to him William ensured that any who would oppose him would not have access to the land or finances needed in order to field an army. In addition, by granting this land to Normans who were loyal to him William was granted access to all of the resources he was denying his opponents. Now William not only had control of his forces from Normandy, but also controlled the financial and military might of England. English lords had no choice but to vacate the country or to strike deals with their new masters. For those that were willing to make deals with the Normans, William would again use the ritual of vassal commendation to accept oaths of fealty from them. The English lords who fled remained a problem though. There were many rebellions staged by former English lords against Norman Englan d between 1066 and 1085. Every time, William retained control of England because of the political structure he had in place. For example, the first rebellion occurred in 1067, and was staged by the three sons of Harold Godwinson. King William had already returned to Normandy, just six months after his victory at the Battle of Hastings. The rebels had established themselves in Ireland and were raiding the Western coast of England. The Norman lords who had been established there utilized their castles and mounted forces to repel the invaders long enough for William to return from Normandy and gather men from his surrounding magnates then march to the Western coast. Because William had consolidated land and titles under his ‘military familia’ he had loyal men to defend his throne even in his absence. Perhaps the best example of William utilizing his newly formed feudal hierarchy was in the Harrying of the North in 1069. The earldom of Northumbria was semi-autonomous under previous English kings. In 971 Edgar the Peaceful had promised the earls of the North that interference of the king would be m inimal in exchange for their obedience to the crown. William the Conqueror did not want to continue this practice. After the lord he had established in the North, Robert de Comines, was brutally murdered by the locals William formed an army to march North. Despite the small size of his army, William proceeded to obliterate much of the North and decimate the rebel forces there. This was made possible in large part due to the prowess of the mounted knights who rode with him, the large retinue of loyal lords he could choose to support him, and the amount of defensive fortifications and castles he could utilize along the way. The amount of destruction wrought by William in such a short amount of time is a clear example of how the rigid structure and authority provided to him by his newly formed feudal hierarchy allowed him to act swiftly and effectively in bringing down his opponents. Despite multiple other attempts at rebellion following the Harrying of the North none proved successful. William established Norman lords in all of the earldoms of the North, which prevented any rebels from finding refuge. Even when Edgar Ethling, one of the last rebel Anglo-Saxon lords, sought help from the Danes to overthrow William the Conqueror they were unable to do so. William had such a strong hold on all of the lands of England that the Danes were unable to leave their sh ips and establish themselves on land to last the winter.